Information



StPD
Legacy Name: StPD


The Galactic Illumis
Owner: POURRITURE

Age: 14 years, 5 months, 1 day

Born: June 3rd, 2012

Adopted: 14 years, 5 months, 1 day ago

Adopted: June 3rd, 2012

Statistics


  • Level: 1
     
  • Strength: 10
     
  • Defense: 10
     
  • Speed: 10
     
  • Health: 10
     
  • HP: 10/10
     
  • Intelligence: 0
     
  • Books Read: 0
  • Food Eaten: 0
  • Toys Played: 0
  • Job: Unemployed


{ Schizotypal personality disorder }

The Galactic Illumis POURRITURE

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Others see them as eccentric, different, weird, odd, or strange. Excessively anxious around others, they keep themselves separated and isolated, even from those they have known for long periods of time. Some seem absorbed in stimulation that derives from their own internal world and may have difficulty expressing their thoughts and feelings coherently. When engaged interpersonally, they may seem distracted or unable to focus or even ramble from subject to subject. Emotions may have a constricted range or be completely inappropriate to objective events. They may have odd beliefs unsubstantiated by science; for example, they can communicate telepathically or somehow read the future. Such individuals are called schizotypal personalities. Through their eccentricity, this structurally defective personality is set apart from other personality disorders. - Millon et al., 2004 [3]
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Alternative diagnoses:

Schizotypal disorder; ambulatory schizophrenia; borderline schizophrenia; latent schizophrenia; prodromal schizophrenia; pseudoneurotic schizophrenia [9]

Schizotypy continuum:

StPD is regarded to exist on a spectrum of schizophrenic disease. It shares a genetic connection to schizophrenia, occurring at greater rates in individuals who have a biological relative with schizophrenia. Other disorders existing on the spectrum include schizoid personality disorder, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, schizophreniform disorder and paranoid personality disorder. [4]

Five-factor model profile:

↑ Conscientiousness; neuroticism; openness
↓ Agreeableness; extraversion [5]

Evolutionary strengths and weaknesses:

Structurally defective personality (prone to decompensation into schizophrenia); deficits across all realms; reversal between all polarities [8]
Enhancement ↓
Preservation ↓

Pleasure/pain

Accommodation ↓
Modification ↓

Passive/active

Individuation ↓
Nuturance ↓

Self/other

Diagnostic criteria:

DSM-IV-TR Criteria
A. A pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships as well as by cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five (or more) of the following:
  • 1. Ideas of reference (excluding delusions of reference).
  • 2. Odd beliefs or magical thinking that influences behavior and is inconsistent with subcultural norms (e.g., superstitiousness, belief in clairvoyance, telepathy, or “sixth sense”; in children and adolescents, bizarre fantasies or preoccupations).
  • 3. Unusual perceptual experiences, including bodily illusions.
  • 4. Odd thinking and speech (e.g., vague, circumstantial, metaphorical, overelaborate, or stereotyped).
  • 5. Suspiciousness or paranoid ideation.
  • 6. Inappropriate or constricted affect
  • 7. Behavior or appearance that is odd, eccentric, or peculiar.
  • 8. Lack of close friends or confidants other than first-degree relatives.
  • 9. Excessive social anxiety that does not diminish with familiarity and tends to be associated with paranoid fears rather than negative judgments about self.
B. Does not occur exclusively during the course of Schizophrenia, a Mood Disorder With Psychotic Features, another Psychotic Disorder, or a Pervasive Developmental Disorder.

Note: If criteria are met prior to the onset of Schizophrenia, add "Premorbid," e.g., "Schizotypal Personality Disorder (Premorbid)." [1]

DSM-5 Criteria
A. A pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships as well as by cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five (or more) of the following:
  • 1. Ideas of reference (excluding delusions of reference).
  • 2. Odd beliefs or magical thinking that influences behavior and is inconsistent with subcultural norms (e.g., superstitiousness, belief in clairvoyance, telepathy, or “sixth sense”; in children and adolescents, bizarre fantasies or preoccupations).
  • 3. Unusual perceptual experiences, including bodily illusions.
  • 4. Odd thinking and speech (e.g., vague, circumstantial, metaphorical, overelaborate, or stereotyped).
  • 5. Suspiciousness or paranoid ideation.
  • 6. Inappropriate or constricted affect.
  • 7. Behavior or appearance that is odd, eccentric, or peculiar.
  • 8. Lack of close friends or confidants other than first-degree relatives.
  • 9. Excessive social anxiety that does not diminish with familiarity and tends to be associated with paranoid fears rather than negative judgments about self.
B. Does not occur exclusively during the course of schizophrenia, a bipolar disorder or depressive disorder with psychotic features, another psychotic disorder, or autism spectrum disorder.

Note: If criteria are met prior to the onset of schizophrenia, add “premorbid,” e.g., “schizotypal personality disorder (premorbid).” [2]

Alternative DSM-5 Criteria
A. Moderate or greater impairment in personality functioning, manifested by characteristic difficulties in two or more of the following four areas:
    1. Identity: Confused boundaries between self and others; distorted self-concept; emotional expression often not congruent with context or internal experience.
  • 2. Self-direction: Unrealistic or incoherent goals; no clear set of internal standards.
  • 3. Empathy: Pronounced difficulty understanding impact of own behaviors on others; frequent misinterpretations of others’ motivations and behaviors.
  • 4. Intimacy: Marked impairments in developing close relationships, associated with mistrust and anxiety.
B. Four or more of the following six pathological personality traits:
  • 1. Cognitive and perceptual dysregulation (an aspect of Psychoticism): Odd or unusual thought processes; vague, circumstantial, metaphorical, overelaborate, or stereotyped thought or speech; odd sensations in various sensory modalities.
  • 2. Unusual beliefs and experiences (an aspect of Psychoticism): Thought content and views of reality that are viewed by others as bizarre or idiosyncratic; unusual experiences of reality.
  • 3. Eccentricity (an aspect of Psychoticism): Odd, unusual, or bizarre behavior or appearance; saying unusual or inappropriate things.
  • 4. Restricted affectivity (an aspect of Detachment): Little reaction to emotionally arousing situations; constricted emotional experience and expression; indifference or coldness.
  • 5. Withdrawal (an aspect of Detachment): Preference for being alone to being with others; reticence in social situations; avoidance of social contacts and activity; lack of initiation of social contact.
  • 6. Suspiciousness (an aspect of Detachment): Expectations of—and heightened sensitivity to—signs of interpersonal ill-intent or harm; doubts about loyalty and fidelity of others; feelings of persecution. [2]

ICD-10 Criteria
A disorder characterized by eccentric behaviour and anomalies of thinking and affect which resemble those seen in schizophrenia, though no definite and characteristic schizophrenic anomalies have occurred at any stage. There is no dominant or typical disturbance, but any of the following may be present:
  • a. inappropriate or constricted affect (the individual appears cold and aloof);
  • b. behaviour or appearance that is odd, eccentric, or peculiar;
  • c. poor rapport with others and a tendency to social withdrawal;
  • d. odd beliefs or magical thinking, influencing behaviour and inconsistent with subcultural norms;
  • e. suspiciousness or paranoid ideas;
  • f. obsessive ruminations without inner resistance, often with dysmorphophobic, sexual or aggressive contents;
  • g. unusual perceptual experiences including somatosensory (bodily) or other illusions, depersonalization or derealization;
  • h. vague, circumstantial, metaphorical, overelaborate, or stereotyped thinking, manifested by odd speech or in other ways, without gross incoherence;
  • i. occasional transient quasi-psychotic episodes with intense illusions, auditory or other hallucinations, and delusion-like ideas, usually occurring without external provocation. [10]

Personality functioning and structure:

Functional Domains

Expressive Behavior: EccentricExhibits socially gauche and peculiar mannerisms; perceived by others as aberrant; disposed to behave in an unobtrusively odd, aloof, curious, or bizarre manner.
Interpersonal Conduct: SecretivePrefers privacy and isolation, with few, highly tentative attachments and personal obligations; has drifted over time into increasingly peripheral vocational roles and clandestine social activities.
Cognitive Style: AutisticCapacity to “read” thoughts and feelings of others is markedly dysfunctional; mixes social communications with personal irrelevancies, circumstantial speech, ideas of reference, and metaphorical asides; often ruminative, appearing self-absorbed and lost in daydreams with occasional magical thinking, bodily illusions, obscure suspicions, odd beliefs, and a blurring of reality and fantasy.
Regulatory Mechanism: UndoingBizarre mannerisms and idiosyncratic thoughts appear to reflect a retraction or reversal of previous acts or ideas that have stirred feelings of anxiety, conflict, or guilt; ritualistic or magical behaviors serve to repent for or nullify assumed misdeeds or “evil” thoughts.

Structural Domains

Self-Image: EstrangedExhibits recurrent social perplexities and illusions as well as experiences of depersonalization derealization and dissociation; sees self as forlorn, with repetitive thoughts of life’s emptiness and meaninglessness.
Object-Representations: ChaoticInternalized representations consist of a piecemeal jumble of early relationships and affects, random drives and impulses, and uncoordinated channels of regulation that are only fitfully competent for binding tensions, accommodating needs, and mediating conflicts.
Morphologic Organization: FragmentedPossesses permeable ego-boundaries; coping and defensive operations are haphazardly ordered in a loose assemblage of morphologic structures, leading to desultory actions in which primitive thoughts and affects are discharged directly, with few reality-based sublimations, and significant further disintegrations into a psychotic structural level, likely under even modest stress.
Mood/ Temperament: Distraught or InsentientExcessively apprehensive and ill at ease, particularly in social encounters; agitated and anxiously watchful, evincing distrust of others and suspicion of their motives that persists despite growing familiarity; or manifests drab, apathetic, sluggish, joyless, and spiritless appearance; reveals marked deficiencies in face-to-face rapport and emotional expression. [7]

Genetic underpinnings:

The history of the schizotypal personality disorder has been strongly influenced by a belief in its biological underpinnings and its linkage with schizophrenia. Further studies have now firmly established that some genetic relationship links the two disorders, though its exact nature, the specific gene or genes, and their chromosomal location remain unclear. For now, researchers can only say, for example, that when one family member carries a schizophrenia or schizotypal personality disorder, the risk that others do also is increased, and the positive (e.g., delusions, hallucinations) and negative (e.g., anhedonia, catatonia) symptoms are independently heritable. Presumably, some forms of schizophrenia may involve a single dominant gene, and other forms may involve multiple genes. The two are not mutually exclusive.

Whatever the case, the emerging view is that the schizotype - the schizophrenic phenotype - is really the fundamental disorder. In contrast, schizophrenia is simply the terminal point of a genetic predisposition, arising in conjunction with persistent environmental stress or trauma. Schizophrenia is the special case; the schizotypal personality is the general case and, therefore, the proper focus of investigation. Accordingly, researchers have now begun to extend the classic findings of schizophrenia research downward into the range of the schizotypal personality. Although thousands of studies on schizophrenics have been published, surprisingly little is known with certainty. The hope is that the study of the schizotypal personality will clarify and extend a great many tentative findings. The most straightforward hypothesis, which need not be supported for every line of research, is simply that every schizophrenic pathology should have a less pathological parallel in the schizotypal personality. [3]

Subtypes of the schizotypal personality:

Insipid (with schizoid, depressive and dependent features) schizotypals experience a sense of strangeness and nonbeing. They seem overtly drab, sluggish, inexpressive, internally bland, barren, indifferent, and insensitive. Their thoughts are obscured, vague, and tangential, reporting bizzarre telepathic powers.

Timorous (with avoidant and negativistic features) schizotypals are warily apprehensive, watchful, suspicious, guarded, and shrinking. They deaden excess sensitivity, and alienate from themselves and others. They intentionally block, reverse, or disqualify their own thoughts. [6]

Differential diagnoses:

Sites and Sources
1. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

2. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.) Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

3. Millon, T., Grossman, S., Millon, C., Meagher, S., & Ramnath, R. (2004). Personality Disorders in Modern Life (2nd ed.). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

4. Lencz, T., Mednick, S. A. & Raine, A. (1998). Schizotypal Personality. Cambridge University Press.

5. Kelly, D. (2012). Schizotypal Personality Disorder. Retrieved from http://www.ptypes.com/schizotypalpd.html

6. Millon, T. (2006). Personality Subtypes. Retrieved from http://www.millon.net/taxonomy/summary.htm

7. Millon, T. (2006). Eccentric/Schizotypal Personality. Retrieved from http://www.millon.net/taxonomy/schizotypal.htm

8. Millon, T. (2012). Disorders of Personality: DSM-IV and Beyond (3rd ed.). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

9. World Health Organization. (2010). International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision. Retrieved from http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2010/en#/F21

10. World Health Organization. (2010). The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/bluebook.pdf

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